Giuseppe Sacconi's design
Giuseppe Sacconi (1854–1905) won the competition in 1884 with a project that fused references to Greek architecture — the great colonnades — with Roman elements — the monumental staircase, the bronze quadrigas on the roof. The declared inspiration was the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina (Praeneste), a complex of ascending terraces from the 1st century BC.
The monumental propylaea (the facade with sixteen Corinthian columns) is 135 metres wide and 70 metres tall. The Vittoriano is taller and wider than any other building in Rome's historic centre, with the sole exception of St Peter's dome.
Botticino marble
The choice of Botticino marble from Brescia was politically significant. Roman travertine was associated with papal Rome, with ecclesiastical power. Botticino — white, luminous, different — was the marble of the new state. Over time, however, the Botticino's white has faded to a slightly yellowish ivory, less aggressive than its original appearance.
The main elements
The equestrian statue of Vittorio Emanuele II
At the centre of the monument, at the top of the main staircase, stands the bronze equestrian statue of Vittorio Emanuele II (by Enrico Chiaradia, completed by Emilio Gallori in 1911). It is one of the largest equestrian statues in the world: the horse measures 12 metres in length. The remains of the foundry workshop are visible inside the horse — a technical curiosity often cited as evidence of the work's outsized dimensions.
The Altare della Patria and the Unknown Soldier
On the ground floor, beneath the equestrian statue, lies the crypt housing the Unknown Soldier's remains and the Eternal Flame. The Altare della Patria in the strict sense is this structure: a marble altar surmounted by the goddess Roma, where the floral tribute ceremony takes place on national anniversaries.
The Winged Victories (quadrigas)
At the top of the colonnade, two bronze quadrigas with Winged Victories (by Carlo Fontana and Paul Bartlett). They are among the largest bronze sculptures in the world produced using the lost-wax casting technique in the 19th century.
The allegorical statues
Along the base and terraces, the Vittoriano displays an extensive iconographic programme: sixteen regions of unified Italy represented as female allegories, plus personifications of the seas surrounding Italy and various virtues.
The Central Museum of the Risorgimento
The interior of the Vittoriano houses the Central Museum of the Risorgimento, the principal documentary collection covering the history of Italian unification: manuscripts, photographs, uniforms, weapons, diplomatic documents. Admission is free.
The Terrace of the Quadrigas: Rome's finest view
At the summit of the Vittoriano, the Terrace of the Quadrigas (accessible by panoramic lift, ~€7) offers what many consider Rome's most spectacular panorama: the Roman Forum, the Colosseum, the Pantheon, St Peter's dome, the hills. It is one of the most complete 360-degree views of the city.
With a private driver
Reach the Altare della Patria by private driver. From your hotel, airport or station — direct and on time. Service from €49. → Book at myromedriver.com
Frequently asked questions
Is it true that a man lived inside the equestrian statue's horse? During the foundry work, a worker was temporarily trapped inside. But the story of someone living there is an urban legend.
Is the Terrace of the Quadrigas open every day? Generally yes, except in adverse weather or during official ceremonies. The lift operates Tuesday to Sunday; check current hours.
Is entry to the Vittoriano free? Entry to the main staircase, the crypt and the Risorgimento Museum is free. The Terrace of the Quadrigas (panoramic lift) costs ~€7.
Article no. 182 — TIER S — MON-10 Altare della Patria / Vittoriano Type: HISTORICAL Words: ~650